摘要
过量摄入糖类严重威胁人类健康,可引发糖尿病、肥胖及龋齿等疾病,因此减糖已成为全球公共卫生战略,推动着低热量天然甜味剂的研究和开发。作者综述了D-阿洛酮糖、D-塔格糖、赤藓糖醇、木糖醇、甜菊糖苷、罗汉果甜苷这6种天然甜味剂的特性、制备方法、代谢与功能活性,并探讨了其未来发展方向。旨在指导食品开发者和消费者能够科学认知和使用天然甜味剂,为后续天然甜味剂的研究和市场推广提供参考。
近几十年来,高卡路里食物(特别是高糖食品)已引发严重的健康隐患,如龋齿、肥胖、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病等,已成为全球性难
全球减糖行动已广泛开展,至2023年已有超过103个国家和地区对含糖饮料征收“糖税”,覆盖全球人口的51
无热量或低热量的甜味剂为开发健康和美味兼顾的食品提供了解决方案。市场上的商业甜味剂由天然和人造甜味物质组成。然而,并不是所有的甜味剂均适合所有人群,尤其是孕妇和哺乳期妇女等特殊人
随着人们对绿色、低热量且口感优良甜味剂的需求日益增长,天然甜味剂显示出良好的市场前景。天然甜味剂通常是从自然界中直接提取或经适当改造得到的一类具有甜味的化学物质,主要是植物或微生物的次生代谢产物,具有口感好、溶解性好、稳定性强,成本适中等特点。天然甜味剂主要包括D-阿洛酮糖、D-塔格糖等稀有糖,赤藓糖醇、木糖醇等糖醇类甜味剂,以及甜菊糖苷、罗汉果甜苷等非糖高倍甜味剂,见

图1 天然甜味剂的结构与分子式
Fig. 1 Structures and molecular formulas of natural sweeteners
1 天然甜味剂的种类和特性
1.1 稀有糖
天然存在的稀有糖逐渐受到关注,已成为一种可替代商业甜味剂的选择。这些单糖及其衍生物在自然界中含量极少,难以通过化学方法合成。国际稀有糖协会(ISRS)将稀有糖定义为“自然界罕见的单糖及其衍生物”,目前已发现50余种,如D-阿洛酮糖和D-塔格
类型 | 名称 | 天然甜味剂与蔗糖甜度的比值 | 能量/(kJ/g) | 升糖指数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
稀有糖 | D-阿洛酮糖 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0 |
D-塔格糖 | 0.92 | 8.4 | 3 | |
糖醇类 | 赤藓糖醇 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0 |
木糖醇 | 1 | 10.5 | 13 | |
非糖高倍甜味剂 | 甜菊糖苷 | 200~400 | 0 | 0 |
罗汉果甜苷 | 100~250 | 0 | 0 |
D-阿洛酮糖作为D-果糖的C3差向异构体,熔点为96 ℃,密度为1.35 g/c
天然己糖D-塔格糖是果糖的差向异构体,具有良好的耐酸碱与耐热特性,且体积较
1.2 糖醇
糖醇天然存在于水果、特定蔬菜及蘑菇中,被认为是安全的天然食品添加
赤藓糖醇广泛存在于蔬菜、水果(瓜类、桃子)、蘑菇和发酵食品(如葡萄酒、啤酒、清酒和酱油等)
木糖醇是一种五碳多元醇,天然存在于水果、蔬菜、燕麦和蘑菇中,人体也能少量产
1.3 非糖高倍甜味剂
植物来源的非糖高倍甜味剂具有甜度高、不影响血糖变化以及体内代谢不生成能量等特点,是糖尿病和减肥人群的理想甜味剂。
数百年来,巴西和巴拉圭一直将甜叶菊(Steria rebaudiana)作为传统的食品和药物食
另一种被列为“一般认为安全(GRAS)”的天然甜味剂是罗汉果甜
2 天然甜味剂的制备方法
2.1 生物酶法
稀有糖一般通过生物酶法进行工业生产。该方法具有提取率高、成本低、污染物少等优点。D-阿洛酮糖常用的大规模工业制备方法包括:基于Izumoring策略,利用D-果糖进行生物合成;以菊苣或菊粉等为原料,基于DHAP依赖型醛缩酶进行生物合
2.2 微生物发酵法
微生物发酵法是通过特定菌种在适宜条件下进行底物转化来生产甜味剂的方法。该方法整体条件更温和、能耗更低、对环境更友好。例如,赤藓糖醇的工业生产通常以葡萄糖、蔗糖或麦秆为原料,通过酵母、细菌或丝状真菌进行发
2.3 植物提取法
罗汉果提取物是通过水提法制备,经过滤和选择性浓缩富集甜味成
2.4 其他方法
天然甜味剂的制备方法还包括化学合成法。例如,木糖醇一般是从木材(白桦树或其他硬木)中分离木聚糖,然后水解成木糖,再通过化学氢化将D-木糖转化为糖
此外,早期研究还聚焦甜叶菊中SvGls的生物合成以及刺激SvGls产生的农业育种方法。当前则通过多倍体诱导、常规繁殖和体外培养技术等手段来提高甜菊糖苷的产
3 天然甜味剂的代谢与功能活性
3.1 天然甜味剂的代谢
有些天然甜味剂在体内参与新陈代谢,有些则不参与新陈代谢。不参与新陈代谢的天然甜味剂大部分通过尿液直接排出(约占70%~90%),如D-阿洛酮糖和赤藓糖
3.2 减肥功能
临床研究显示,剂量为8 g/d的D-阿洛酮
3.2.1 抑制食欲、增加饱腹感
D-阿洛酮糖通过抑制NPY神经元并激活ARC中的POMC神经元,从而抑制食欲、增加饱腹感并减少食物摄入
3.2.2 加速代谢
D-阿洛酮糖可下调肝脏脂肪酸合酶活性并增强β氧化能力,提升能量消耗,减少脂肪堆
3.2.3 抑制脂肪吸收
D-阿洛酮糖可通过调节瘦素与抵抗素的水
3.2.4 抑制营养物质转化
D-塔格糖通过抑制碳水化合物消化酶(如蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶)的活性阻碍脂质形成,起到“糖阻滞剂”的作用,以实现医学推荐的减肥效
3.2.5 改善肠道菌群
D-阿洛酮糖通过控制肠道微生物来改善体质量和脂肪性肝
3.3 降血糖功能
D-阿洛酮糖以剂量依赖性方式降低受试者血浆葡萄糖与胰岛素水平,以及餐后血糖和胰岛素波
3.3.1 抑制肝糖输出
D-阿洛酮糖通过降低肝磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性,以及抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白4、胰岛素受体底物1、磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基α和AKT丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶2的表达,从而降低胰岛素敏感性,并降低血清胰岛素和瘦素水
3.3.2 抑制碳水化合物的吸收
D-阿洛酮糖可有效抑制肠道蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活
3.3.3 促进胰岛素分泌
在2型糖尿病大鼠的饮食中添加木糖醇后,其血清胰岛素浓度和糖耐量均有所提
3.3.4 调节肠道菌群
D-阿洛酮糖通过调节微生物菌落改善小鼠因高脂饮食引起的肥胖和糖尿病代谢紊
3.3.5 缓解氧化应激
赤藓糖醇可降低STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠氧化应激相关指标,如降低血清中5-羟甲基糠醛水平,降低血清、肝脏和肾脏线粒体的硫代巴比妥酸反应物水平等,从而抑制脂质过氧化并改善葡萄糖代
3.4 保护牙齿健康
美国儿科牙科学会支持将木糖醇作为龋齿抑制剂使用,并强调应对木糖醇产品进行适当标识,以便父母和专业人士能够做出恰当选
木糖醇可以抑制变形链球菌和索布里斯链球菌的生长与代谢,这2种细菌分别与龋齿和牙菌斑的产生有
4 天然甜味剂的应用
4.1 D-阿洛酮糖的应用
D-阿洛酮糖已被美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、韩国等多个国家批准使用,但我国尚未批准。美国FDA在2014年对D-阿洛酮糖进行了安全认证,并于2015年被列为GRAS物质。2019年,FDA在有关营养标签指南草案中明确规定,D-阿洛酮糖不计入添加糖的统计范围内。由于D-阿洛酮糖具有高溶解度和高抗氧化活性,是食品加工中广泛应用的添加
4.2 D-塔格糖的应用
2001年,美国FDA将D-塔格糖列为GRAS物质,批准其作为营养甜味剂或低热量甜味剂使用。2004年,联合国食品及农业组织/世界卫生组织联合专家委员会(JECFA)将其ADI设定为“未指定”。2005年,D-塔格糖获得欧盟批准,成为“新食品配料”,且没有任何使用限制。中国、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非和韩国等国家也已批准使用D-塔格
4.3 赤藓糖醇的应用
虽然赤藓糖醇在1852年就被分离出来,但直至1990年,赤藓糖醇才作为一种新的天然甜味剂出现在日本市场。迄今为止,全球60多个国家已批准赤藓糖醇作为食品添加剂使用,包括美国、日本、加拿大、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、土耳其、俄罗斯、中国、印度、澳大利亚、新西兰
4.4 木糖醇的应用
木糖醇于1891年被发现,自20世纪60年代以来一直被用作食品添加剂和甜味剂。FDA已经批准木糖醇可作为食品添加剂,在欧洲,木糖醇甚至可用于儿童食
4.5 甜菊糖苷的应用
甜菊糖苷因其开发潜力和保健功能在国际上被誉为“世界第三糖源”,在全球范围内的食品工业和医药化工中得到广泛应用。1970年初,甜菊糖苷在日本首次被用作甜味剂进行商业化生产,现已在韩国、中国、美国等国家应用。高纯度的甜菊糖苷和来自甜菊叶的高强度甜味剂RebA被列为GRAS物
4.6 罗汉果甜苷的应用
澳大利亚、新西兰、中国和日本等国均已批准罗汉果甜苷为食品添加
5 展望
随着人们对高质量健康生活的追求以及消费者对天然产品的偏好,天然甜味剂作为可替代传统糖的理想选择,以其低热量和自然来源的特点,既满足了人们对甜味的渴望,又避免了高糖饮食给身体和心理带来的负担。随着研究的不断深入,天然低热量甜味剂将实现回归自然、健康与美味共存。基于此,天然甜味剂的研究与产业发展可从以下几个方面考虑:
1)天然甜味剂的优化与迭代:以植物作为天然来源,开发具有良好的生物可持续性和安全性的天然低热量甜味剂,以满足消费者对多样化食品的需求。为了确保甜味剂的使用不受杂质的影响,并在食品中稳定、均匀地分布,需要通过高效的提取和精炼工艺,使高质量天然甜味剂更好地保留原始甜味特性,为消费者带来更加纯正、更接近传统糖的味觉体验。应用先进的育种技术,培育能产生优质天然甜味剂的植物。通过新技术的应用,提高原料利用率,降低工业生产成本,发掘成本低、产量大、稳定性强的天然甜味剂。
2)天然甜味剂的功能性验证:除了提供甜味,未来的天然甜味剂将朝着功能应用的方向发展。现有的一些体内、外研究和临床研究均表明天然甜味剂(如D-阿洛酮糖、甜菊糖苷、赤藓糖醇等)可维持身体健康,具有减肥、抗糖尿病和改善龋齿等多种潜力,为消费者提供更加全面和有价值的食品选择。
3)天然甜味剂的复配改良:天然甜味剂各有特点,不同甜度的甜味剂复配,既能赋予食品良好的口感,又能有效地发挥功能性甜味剂的保健功能。因此,一款天然无糖产品添加3种以上的甜味剂是常见现象。目前,许多香精公司与食品企业共同合作,参与到天然甜味剂风味改良技术开发中,通过整体风味的调整,针对性地进行口味的遮蔽和甜感释放,提高消费者对减糖产品的整体喜好度或接受度。
天然甜味剂作为健康食品原料的代表,未来发展前景广阔。天然甜味剂的优化与迭代、功能性验证以及复配改良,将推动其在食品工业中得到更广泛的应用。
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